# Subtractive Design

Design is subtractive. Absence creates hierarchy, calm, and focus. Adding feels productive; removing is usually the harder and better move.

## Defaults

1. Require a demonstrable purpose for every element, token, and interaction.
2. Prefer fewer decisions for the user at each step.
3. Use space, silence, and restraint as active design materials.
4. Hide necessary complexity rather than celebrating it.
5. Cut anything that exists only because it was easy to generate.

## Prefer / Reject

| Prefer | Reject |
| --- | --- |
| Clear primary action | Equal-weight button forests |
| Progressive disclosure | Showing every option up front |
| Shared tokens and patterns | One-off flourishes per screen |
| Defaults that remove setup | Preference panels for undecided design |
| Calm empty space | Filling space because it is empty |

## Process

1. List what the screen must accomplish.
2. Mark every element that does not serve that list.
3. Remove or demote the marked set.
4. Recheck whether the remaining pieces still need labels, chrome, or motion.
5. Stop when further removal would hide a needed decision or affordance.

## Review checklist

- [ ] Can any control be removed without harming the task?
- [ ] Is there a single clear primary action?
- [ ] Are secondary actions visually secondary?
- [ ] Is any copy repeating what the UI already shows?
- [ ] Are decorative layers earning their keep?
- [ ] Would a quieter version communicate the same intent faster?

## Source essays

- Beauty comes from absence
- Designing the invisible
- Hygge in interface design